Bet sensors

ABSTRACT

A bet sensor for determining the value of a wager includes an at least partially transparent cover having a bet placement surface configured and oriented to support a stack of gaming tokens thereon. The bet sensor includes a mirror arrangement disposed on an opposing side of the at least partially transparent cover from the bet placement surface. The mirror arrangement is located and configured to provide a view greater than 180 degrees of a lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens when supported on the bet placement surface. Another bet sensor may include an at least partially transparent cover having a bet placement surface and an image sensor located substantially directly below the bet placement surface, the image sensor configured to capture a view greater than 180 degrees of a lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens when supported on the bet placement surface.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/829,843, filed Mar. 14, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,961,298, issued Feb. 24, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/751,780, filed Jan. 11, 2013, the entire disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated herein by this reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure, in various embodiments, relates to bet sensors for use in gaming applications, to gaming tables incorporating bet sensors, and to methods of forming such bet sensors.

BACKGROUND

In casinos and other gaming institutions, betting tables often seat up to seven players and a table operator, or dealer. Each player makes their wager by placing casino tokens on a designated location on the table. Casino tokens, also referred to as “chips,” “checks,” or “cheques,” are small disks used by a player in lieu of currency. The tokens are interchangeable with money at the specific casino or gaming institution in which the tokens are used. It is common for casinos or other gaming institutions to provide unique tokens, each identifiable by particular colors and markings on the face and lateral side edges thereof to represent specific monetary values. The dealer is often responsible for determining the wager value of a stack of gaming tokens placed by a player.

BRIEF SUMMARY

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form. These concepts are described in further detail in the detailed description of example embodiments of the disclosure below. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure includes a bet sensor comprising a transparent or semi-transparent cover having a bet placement surface configured and oriented to support a stack of gaming tokens thereon. The bet sensor also includes a mirror arrangement disposed on an opposing side of the transparent cover from the bet placement surface. The mirror arrangement includes a first mirror having an annular, inward-facing reflective surface about a longitudinal axis of the mirror arrangement, and a second mirror having an outward-facing reflective surface extending 360 degrees around the longitudinal axis of the mirror arrangement, wherein the outward-facing reflective surface of the second mirror substantially faces the annular, inward-facing reflective surface of the first mirror. The second mirror may be located concentrically within the first mirror. The bet sensor also includes an image sensor. The mirror arrangement is located and configured to direct an image of at least substantially an entire circumference of a lateral side surface of a stack of gaming tokens supported on the bet placement surface of the transparent cover onto the image sensor.

In additional embodiments, the present disclosure includes a gaming table that includes a table and at least one bet sensor as described herein installed in the surface of the table. For example, the table may have an upper surface and at least on aperture extending through the upper surface. A bet sensor may be mounted to the table proximate the aperture extending through the upper surface of the table. The bet sensor may include a transparent or semi-transparent cover covering the aperture. The cover may have a bet placement surface configured and oriented to support a stack of gaming tokens thereon. The bet sensor also includes a mirror arrangement disposed on an opposing side of the transparent cover from the bet placement surface that includes a first mirror having an inward-facing reflective surface about a longitudinal axis of the mirror arrangement, and a second mirror having an outward-facing reflective surface extending 360 degrees around the longitudinal axis of the mirror arrangement, wherein the outward-facing reflective surface of the second mirror substantially faces the annular, inward-facing reflective surface of the first mirror. The second mirror may be located concentrically within the first mirror. The bet sensor also includes an image sensor. The mirror arrangement may be located and configured to direct an image of at least substantially an entire circumference of a lateral side surface of a stack of gaming tokens supported on the bet placement surface of the transparent or semi-transparent cover onto the image sensor.

In yet additional embodiments, the present disclosure includes a method of forming a bet sensor. A transparent or semi-transparent cover may be oriented to provide a bet placement surface configured to support a stack of gaming tokens thereon. A mirror arrangement may be disposed on an opposing side of the transparent cover from the bet placement surface. The mirror arrangement may include a first mirror having an annular, inward-facing reflective surface about a longitudinal axis of the mirror arrangement, and a second mirror located concentrically within the first mirror, the second mirror having an outward-facing reflective surface extending 360 degrees around the longitudinal axis of the mirror arrangement, wherein the outward-facing reflective surface of the second mirror substantially faces the annular, inward-facing reflective surface of the first mirror. The method also includes locating an image sensor relative to the mirror arrangement and the transparent cover such that the mirror arrangement directs an image of at least substantially an entire circumference of a lateral side surface of a stack of gaming tokens supported on the bet placement surface of the transparent cover onto the image sensor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating an embodiment of a bet sensor of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of a stack of gaming chips disposed on components of an embodiment of a bet sensor of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 illustrates a side, partial cross-sectional view of the stack of gaming chips and components of the bet sensor shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of components of the bet sensor of FIGS. 1 through 3;

FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view of a light-emitting diode (LED) that may be used in a bet sensor as illustrated in FIGS. 1 through 4;

FIG. 6 illustrates a side, cross-sectional view of components of the bet sensor shown in FIGS. 1 through 4 and illustrates illumination light rays being directed onto a stack of gaming tokens on the bet sensor;

FIG. 7 illustrates a side, cross-sectional view of components of the bet sensor shown in FIGS. 1 through 4 and illustrates image light rays being directed onto an image sensor from a stack of gaming tokens on the bet sensor;

FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of a reflective structure having an inward-facing reflective surface that may be used in a bet sensor;

FIG. 9 illustrates a side, cross-sectional view of the reflective structure shown in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 illustrates a perspective view showing a top surface of a reflective structure that may be used in a bet sensor with the reflective structure shown in FIGS. 8 and 9;

FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective view showing a reflective surface of the reflective structure shown in FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 illustrates a side, cross-sectional view of the reflective structure shown in FIGS. 10 and 11;

FIG. 13 illustrates a side, cross-sectional view of components of a bet sensor including the reflective structures shown in FIGS. 8 through 12, further depicting image light rays being directed onto an image sensor from a stack of gaming tokens on the bet sensor;

FIG. 14A illustrates a plan view of a two-dimensional image of the three-dimensional lateral side surface of a stack of gaming tokens supported on the bet sensor that may be acquired by using a bet sensor as described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 13;

FIG. 14B illustrates a plan view of the two-dimensional image shown in FIG. 14A having the center of the two-dimensional image located;

FIG. 14C illustrates a plan view of the two-dimensional image shown in FIG. 14B having four lines superimposed over the image and extending through the center of the image;

FIG. 14D illustrates four graphs corresponding to the four lines shown in FIG. 14C, wherein each graph represents a plot of red pixels of the RGB color scale along one of the lines shown in FIG. 14C;

FIG. 15 illustrates a partially cut-away perspective view of components of a bet sensor as described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 7;

FIG. 16 illustrates a partially cut-away perspective view of a transparent cover that includes a feature configured to direct visible light signals to a player, and that may be employed in a bet sensor as described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 15;

FIG. 17 illustrates a circuit diagram for a light-emitting diode (LED) driver that may be employed in a bet sensor as described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 16;

FIG. 18 illustrates top plan view of an embodiment of a gaming table of the present disclosure, which includes a plurality of bet sensors as described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 17;

FIG. 19 is a simplified schematic diagram illustrating another embodiment of a bet sensor of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 20 is a side, partial cross-sectional view of components that may be employed in additional embodiments of bet sensors as described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The illustrations presented herein are not meant to be actual views of any particular bet sensor, gaming table, or component thereof, but are merely idealized representations that are used to describe embodiments of the disclosure.

The efficiency of a gaming table may be increased by providing a means to measure wagers of varying amounts, while reducing the amount of time required to determine the value of wagers placed during betting games played at the table. The faster wager values are calculated, the faster games may be conducted, resulting in an increase in the amount of games played at the table and, correspondingly, the amount of money wagered. Bet sensors of the present invention may be used to register wagers made on the occurrence of certain events, such as bonus events that pay large jackpots. In one example, the bet sensor can be used to register a wager on one or more progressive jackpot events that may include additional fixed payouts and or odds payout amounts. For example, a game might pay 500:1 for a Royal Flush, and the amount on the meter for the same hand. The game rules may require the first $1.00 to fund the meter, and the rest of the wager to be made against the odds payout amounts. If, for example, the meter had 15K on it when a player makes a $5.00 variable bet wager, and the player obtains a royal flush, the player wins the 15K on the meter, plus 500:1 on the other $4.00 of the bet, or $2,000. It is desirable for security reasons to provide a bet sensor that can register the bets automatically in order to assure that large jackpots are paid in the correct amounts to the players. Human table operators or dealers have limits on the speed with which they can manually determine the value of each wager placed during a betting game while also managing other aspects of the game. Bet sensors are disclosed herein that may be used to quickly determine the value of a wager placed in gaming tokens and, in some embodiments, to display the wager value to a player and/or a dealer. The bet sensor may include a mirror arrangement in proximity to a betting surface on which a stack of gaming tokens may be placed by a player. The mirror arrangement may direct a two-dimensional image of the entire circumference of the three-dimensional lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens onto an image sensor. A processor in communication with the image sensor may be configured under control of a computer program to perform one or more algorithms using the image to determine the value of each token in the stack of gaming tokens and to determine the sum value of the stack of gaming tokens.

FIG. 1 illustrates a simplified schematic diagram of a bet sensor 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The bet sensor 100 may include a transparent cover 102 in visual register with an optional lens 104. The transparent cover 102 may be embedded in, or otherwise disposed proximate a gaming table (not shown in FIG. 1) and may have a bet placement surface thereon that is configured to support a stack of gaming tokens thereon. In other embodiments, the cover may be semi-transparent and may also serve as a video display, which is described in more detail below. An image sensor 106 may be positioned to view the stack of gaming tokens through the transparent cover 102 and the optional lens 104. An optional light source may be located proximate the transparent cover 102. The light source may comprise one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 107, wherein the LEDs 107 are configured for illuminating the stack of gaming tokens to provide a satisfactory image of the stack of gaming tokens to be acquired by the image sensor 106. One or more lenses 108 may be employed with the LEDs 107 to provide desired light emission qualities. It is to be appreciated, however, that the bet sensor 100 may be configured without the optional light source, wherein an image of the stack of gaming tokens illuminated by ambient light may be transmitted to the image sensor 106. A processor 110 may be in electronic communication with the image sensor 106 and may be configured under control of a computer program to calculate the value of the stack of gaming tokens placed as a wager on the transparent cover 102 by performing one or more algorithms using the image of the stack of gaming tokens acquired using the image sensor 106.

The processor 110 may also be in electronic communication with a display device 112 configured to display the value of the wager to the payer who placed the wager, to other players, to a table operator, or to any combination thereof. The processor 110 may additionally be in electronic communication with a table controller 114 that is configured for use by the table operator. An LED driver 116 may be controlled by the processor 110, and may comprise a circuit configured to control operational aspects of the LEDs 107, including, by way of non-limiting example, on/off function, luminous intensity, color effects, fading, and pulse or strobe effects. In this manner, the processor 110 may control the LEDs 107 for purposes of illuminating the stack of gaming tokens, for conveying visible lighting effects or signals to players, or both. The processor 110 and at least the LED driver 116 may be located on a printed circuit board (PCB) 118, wherein electronic communication between the processor 110 and the LED driver 116 may be provided through traces, vias, interconnects, or any combination thereof, in and/or on the PCB 118.

FIG. 2 illustrates a stack of gaming tokens supported on an illumination unit 120 of the bet sensor 100 schematically illustrated in FIG. 1. The illumination unit 120 is used for supporting and illuminating a stack of gaming tokens on the bet sensor 100. As shown in FIG. 2, the illumination unit 120 may include the transparent or semi-transparent cover 102, which has an upper bet placement surface 122 thereon. The bet placement surface 122 may be configured and oriented to support a stack of gaming tokens 124 thereon. The transparent cover 102 may comprise any material that is sufficiently transparent to allow an image of the stack of gaming tokens to be acquired from an opposing side of the transparent cover 102 from the upper bet placement surface 122. For example, the transparent cover 102 may comprise a ceramic material (e.g., a glass) or a polymer material (e.g., plastic, epoxy, etc.). In some embodiments, the transparent cover 102 may be tinted to reduce visibility of components of the bet sensor 100 located beneath the transparent cover 102 by players. In other embodiments, the transparent cover 102 may be replaced by a transparent or semi-transparent display such as an Active Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode (AMOLED). Thus, as used herein, the term “transparent” does not indicate or require transmissivity of all wavelengths of light, but only of those required for operation of the bet sensor 100. For example, the transparent cover 102 may be configured to allow transmissivity of only certain wavelengths of light. In yet other embodiments, the transparent cover 102 may be configured to allow transmissivity of all wavelengths of visible light. In further embodiments, the transparent cover 102 may be fifty percent (50%) transparent, sixty percent (60%) transparent, seventy percent (70%) transparent, eighty percent (80%) transparent, ninety percent (90%) transparent, one hundred percent (100%) transparent, or any other degree of semi-transparency in regards to wavelengths of light required for operation of the bet sensor. The transparent cover 102 may have any suitable thickness. As a non-limiting example, the transparent cover 102 may have a thickness less than or equal to about 1.6 mm. In other embodiments, the transparent cover 102 may have a thickness between about 1.6 mm and 3.2 mm. In yet other embodiments, the transparent cover 102 may have a thickness greater than about 3.2 mm. The transparent cover 102 may be circular in shape, as shown in FIG. 2, although other shapes may be utilized, including, by way of non-limiting example, square, rectangular, triangular, elliptical, annular, or any other shape. In embodiments where a circular transparent cover 102 is used, the diameter of the transparent cover 102 may be about 76.2 mm, although a smaller or larger diameter is within the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein. As discussed previously, the transparent cover 102 may be embedded in a gaming table, wherein the bet placement surface 122 is substantially flush with the top surface of the gaming table. In other embodiments, the transparent cover 102 may be located such that the bet placement surface 122 is positioned above or below the top surface of the gaming table. In yet other embodiments, the transparent cover 102 may be located separate from the gaming table. Moreover, it is to be appreciated that the bet sensor 100 may also be utilized in gaming applications without a gaming table.

FIG. 3 is a side, partial cross-sectional view of the illumination unit 120 of FIG. 2 and illustrates a stack of gaming tokens supported on the bet placement surface 122 of the transparent cover 102. As shown, the transparent cover 102 may be joined to a top, planar surface 129 of a first reflective structure 130. The transparent cover 102 and the first reflective structure 130 may be joined by screws 131, as shown, or by alternative means, such as, by way of non-limiting example, bolts, clasps, adhesives, corresponding male and female mating components, threaded connections, other mechanical fasteners, etc. The first reflective structure 130 may comprise a frustoconical mirror 132 having an inward-facing reflective surface 133. The inward-facing reflective surface 133 may comprise a thin, flexible reflective film, such as a commercially available folding mirror, affixed to an inner surface of the first reflective structure 130. Alternatively, the inward-facing reflective surface 133 may comprise a layer of reflective metal or metal alloy, such as silver, chrome, etc., deposited on the inner surface of the first reflective structure 130. In yet other embodiments, the inward-facing reflective surface 133 may comprise a reflective polymeric material deposited or otherwise provided on the inner surface of the first reflective structure 130. In still yet other embodiments, the first reflective structure 130 may be formed from a reflective metal, metal alloy, or polymeric material and the inner surface thereof may be polished to a desired level of reflectivity, or otherwise treated, to form the inward-facing reflective surface 133. It is to be appreciated that other types of reflective materials may be utilized to provide the inward-facing reflective surface 133. The inward-facing reflective surface 133 may be machined using a diamond turning process to a surface finish having an optical surface quality of about 60-40 scratch-dig and a surface accuracy of a (2=633.2 nanometers (nm)).

A hub structure 134 carrying a second reflective structure 136 may be centrally affixed to an underside of the transparent cover 102 by screws 138, as also depicted in FIG. 4. The hub structure 134 may alternatively be affixed to the transparent cover 102 by bolts, clasps, adhesives, corresponding male and female mating components, threaded connections, other mechanical fasteners, or any other means of attachment. In yet other alternative embodiments (not shown), the transparent cover 102, the first reflective structure 130, and the hub structure 134 may each be removably snap-fit together to provide simple assembly and disassembly of the illumination unit 120. In still yet other embodiments, the transparent cover 102, the first reflective structure 130, and the hub structure 134 may be formed as a single, unitary structure in a process such as, by way of non-limiting example, injection molding or machining. Referring again to FIGS. 3 and 4, the second reflective structure 136 carried by the hub structure 134 may comprise a generally conical-shaped mirror 140 having an outward-facing (depicted in FIG. 3 as downward-facing) reflective surface 142. The conical mirror 140 may be concentrically and coaxially aligned with the frustoconical mirror 132 about central axis Z. The outward-facing reflective surface 142 of the second reflective structure 136 may comprise any of the materials previously described in relation to the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of the first reflective structure 130.

With continued reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, one or more printed circuit boards (PCBs) 144, each carrying one or more light sources in the form of, for example, LEDs 107 thereon, may be affixed to the hub structure 134. Each of the LEDs 107 may be configured as previously described with reference to FIG. 1. Each LED 107 may be oriented to emit light generally radially outward from the hub structure 134 toward the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of the frustoconical mirror 132. Each of the LEDs 107 may be located substantially on a common laterally-extending plane orthogonal to axis Z. The inward-facing reflective surface 133 may have an angle of inclination α relative to axis Z (FIG. 3), and the outward-facing reflective surface 142 may have an angle of inclination β relative to axis Z (FIG. 4). The angle of inclination α of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 is selected to cause light rays emitted from the LEDs 107 to reflect from the inward-facing reflective surface 133 toward and through the transparent cover 102 and onto a lateral side surface 146 of the stack of gaming tokens 124, thus illuminating the stack of gaming tokens 124. The angle of inclination α of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 relative to the Z axis may be in the range of about 0 degrees to about 85 degrees. In other embodiments, the angle of inclination α of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 relative to the Z axis may be in the range of about 15 degrees to about 60 degrees. In yet other embodiments, the angle of inclination α of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 relative to the Z axis may be in the range of about 30 degrees to about 40 degrees. By way of non-limiting example, the angle of inclination α of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 relative to the Z axis may be about 32.48 degrees. The angle of inclination β of the outward-facing reflective surface 142 relative to the Z axis may be in the range of about 15 degrees to about 85 degrees. In other embodiments, the angle of inclination β of the outward-facing reflective surface 142 relative to the Z axis may be in the range of about 30 degrees to about 70 degrees. In yet other embodiments, the angle of inclination β of the outward-facing reflective surface 142 relative to the Z axis may be in the range of about 50 degrees to about 60 degrees. By way of non-limiting example, the angle of inclination β of the outward-facing reflective surface 142 relative to the Z axis may be about 54.64 degrees. Refraction of the light rays may occur as they pass through the transparent cover 102. Such refraction may be accounted for when selecting the angle of inclination α of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 to ensure that the lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens 124 is illuminated by the light rays after they have reflected from the inward-facing reflective surface 133 and passed through the transparent cover 102. While FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate each LED 107 being mounted on a separate PCB, alternatively, all of the LEDs 107 may be mounted to a single PCB 144 attached to the hub structure 134. It is to be appreciated that in yet other embodiments, a plurality of PCBs 144 may be attached to the hub structure 134, wherein each of the plurality of PCBs 144 carries two or more LEDs 107.

As shown in greater detail in FIGS. 4 and 5, each LED 107 may comprise a lens 108 or other optical component configured to provide desired light emission characteristics. The LEDs 107 may be selected based on performance characteristics, such as size, luminous intensity, emittable color spectrum, and pulse or strobe capabilities. Various LEDs suitable for use are commercially available. As a non-limiting example, the LED sold as model number LW V283 by Osram Ag. of Munich, Germany, may be used as a light source (e.g., the LEDs 107) in embodiments of bet sensors of the present disclosure, such as the bet sensor 100. The LEDs 107 may be relatively small. For example, FIG. 5 illustrates an LED 107 a that may be used with the illumination unit 120. The LED 107 a measures about 1.9 mm at its largest dimension, L, and includes a lens 108 a for disbursing the light rays emitted by the LED 107 a. As will be described in more detail below, the LEDs 107 may be controlled by the processor 110 (FIG. 1).

While FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate two (2) LEDs 107 mounted to the hub structure 134 on opposing sides thereof, it is to be appreciated that any number of LEDs 107 may be mounted to the hub structure 134 and oriented to emit light onto the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of the frustoconical mirror 132 to be subsequently reflected through the transparent cover 102 and onto the lateral side surface 146 of the stack of gaming tokens 124. For example, the illumination unit 120 may comprise three (3) LEDs 107 symmetrically mounted about the central axis Z along a circumference of the hub structure 134 and separated by intervals of about 120 degrees. In other embodiments, the illumination unit 120 may comprise four (4) LEDs 107 symmetrically mounted about the central axis Z along a circumference of the hub structure 134 and separated by intervals of about 90 degrees. In yet other embodiments, the illumination unit 120 may comprise five (5) or more (e.g., twelve (12)) LEDs 107, which may be symmetrically mounted around the central axis Z along a circumference of the hub structure 134 and separated by substantially equal angular segments.

The number and orientation of the LEDs 107 mounted to the hub structure 134 may be tailored to optimize the illumination of the lateral side surface 146 of the stack of gaming tokens 124. The upper limit on the number of LEDs 107 attached to the hub structure 134 may be determined by the size of the LEDs 107, the size of the PCBs 144, the size of the hub structure 134, and the resulting number of LEDs 107 that may fit on the PCBs 144 attached to the hub structure 134. It is to be appreciated that the LEDs 107 are not required to be oriented symmetrically about a circumference of the hub structure 134, but may alternatively be located asymmetrically about a circumference of the hub structure 134. Furthermore, the LEDs 107 are not all required to be located on the same laterally-extending plane orthogonal to axis Z. In additional embodiments (not shown), the hub structure 134 may comprise two (2) or more rows of LEDs 107 mounted thereon and oriented to emit light onto the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of the frustoconical mirror 132. In yet further embodiments, the LEDs 107 may be attached to the hub structure 134 in a random arrangement and oriented to emit light onto the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of the frustoconical mirror 132.

It is to be appreciated that in alternative embodiments, as previously described, the bet sensor 100 may operate on ambient light only. For example, in such embodiments, the LEDs 107 and PCBs 144 may be omitted from the structures illustrated in FIGS. 3 through 7, and ambient light rays reflected off the lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens may be reflected from the mirror arrangement onto the image sensor 106.

Referring now to FIG. 7, an image sensor 106 for acquiring images of the lateral side surface 146 of the stack of gaming tokens 124 is illustrated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The mirror arrangement, which includes the first reflective structure 130 and the second reflective structure 136, is located and configured to direct an image of at least substantially an entire circumference of a lateral side surface of a stack of gaming tokens 124 supported on the bet placement surface 122 of the transparent cover 102 onto the image sensor 106. In other words, the first reflective structure 130 and the second reflective structure 136 are sized and arranged relative to one another such that light rays R_(L), including ambient light rays and/or illumination light rays emitted by the optional LEDs 107, are reflected off the lateral side surface 146 of the stack of gaming tokens 124 through the transparent cover 102 toward the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of the first reflective structure 130. The light rays are reflected from the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of the first reflective structure 130 toward the outward-facing reflective surface 142 of the second reflective structure 136, from which the light rays are reflected onto the image sensor 106.

In the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 3, 4, 6 and 7, the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of the first reflective structure 130 and the outward-facing reflective surface 142 of the second reflective structure 136 may each have a linear cross-sectional profile. In other embodiments, as illustrated in FIGS. 8 through 13, the inward- and outward-facing reflective surfaces 133, 142 may each have an arcuate cross-sectional profile. FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of the first reflective structure 130 according to such an embodiment. The first reflective structure 130 includes the inward-facing reflective surface 133 located radially inward of an outer, lateral side surface 141, both of which are concentric about longitudinal axis Z. The first reflective structure 130 also includes a top, planar surface 129 configured to abut the transparent cover 102.

FIG. 9 illustrates a side cross-sectional view of the first reflective structure 130 illustrated in FIG. 8 bisected by a plane containing the longitudinal axis Z of the first reflective structure 130. When the first reflective structure 130 is viewed in a side, cross-sectional view bisecting the first reflective structure 130 through the longitudinal axis Z, as shown in FIG. 9, the arcuate shape of directly opposing cross-sectional profiles 133 a, 133 b of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 may form a section of a prolate ellipse having its major axis coaxial with the longitudinal axis Z of the first reflective structure 130. In some such embodiments, the prolate ellipse formed by the directly opposing cross-sectional profiles 133 a, 133 b of the first reflective structure 130 may be defined by the parameters k and R, wherein k is the conic constant of the prolate ellipse and R, in a prolate ellipse, is the radius of the prolate ellipse at a point on the prolate ellipse coincident with the major axis of the prolate ellipse. It is to be appreciated that the conic constant k determines the shape of the prolate ellipse and R determines the relative size of the prolate ellipse. Moreover, the prolate ellipse defining the directly opposing cross-sectional profiles 133 a, 133 b of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 may be further defined by an equation E₁, expressed as

${Z = \frac{x^{2} + y^{2}}{R + \sqrt{R^{2} - {\left( {1 + k} \right)^{2}\left( {x^{2} + y^{2}} \right)}}}},$

wherein the parameters k and R are defined as previously described, and x, y, and z represent coordinates on a three-dimensional x, y, z Cartesian coordinate system, wherein the z axis is coaxial with the longitudinal axis Z of the first reflective structure and orthogonal to the plane formed by the x and y axes. In three-dimensional space, such as shown in FIG. 8, the shape of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 may be defined as a prolate spheroid formed by rotating the previously described prolate ellipse through an angle of 360 degrees about its major axis. Using the x, y, z coordinate system described above, any reference point on the inward-facing reflective surface 133 may be defined in three-dimensional space by its x, y and z coordinate, wherein the x, y coordinates together define the lateral distance from axis z (and longitudinal axis Z) to the inward-facing reflective surface 133, and the z coordinate defines the axial distance from the center of the prolate spheroid to the reference point. It is to be appreciated that, using equation E₁, the exact shape of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 may be defined. For example, if k and R are established (setting the shape and size, respectively, of the prolate spheroid, as previously described), and the z coordinate (the axial distance from the center of the prolate ellipse to the z coordinate along axis z) is established, the lateral distance (x, y) from the z axis (coaxial with longitudinal axis Z) to the inward-facing reflective surface 133 at the z coordinate can be calculated using equation E₁. Alternatively, so long as k and R are established, and the lateral distance (x, y) from the longitudinal axis Z to the inward-facing reflective surface 133 is established, the z coordinate corresponding to such lateral distance can be calculated using equation E₁.

Accordingly, in embodiments where the shape of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 is a prolate spheroid in three-dimensional space, the size and shape of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 may be adjusted by altering the variables of equation E₁. FIG. 9 illustrates a non-limiting example of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 having a shape defined by a prolate spheroid, causing the shape of the cross-sectional profiles 133 a, 133 b of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 to be defined by a prolate ellipse. The prolate spheroid defining the shape of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 may have parameters of k=−0.5822 and R=25.6914 mm. The inward-facing reflective surface 133 may have a maximum diameter D₁ of about 62.1 mm at coordinate (x₁, y₁, z₁), and may taper arcuately to a minimum diameter D₂ of about 41.7 mm at coordinate (x₂, y₂, z₂). An axial distance L₁, measured along axis Z, between the maximum diameter D₁ and the minimum diameter D₂, of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 may be about 15.0 mm. It is to be appreciated that the maximum and minimum diameters D₁, D₂ may be adjusted to be greater or less than 62.1 mm and 41.7 mm, respectively.

As previously described, if the shape and size of the prolate spheroid defining the inward-facing reflective surface 133 are established (by k and R, respectively), the z coordinate of the prolate spheroid can be determined along any portion of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 for which the diameter is known, such as, for example, at the maximum diameter D₁ at coordinate (x₁, y₁, z₁), at the minimum diameter D₂ at coordinate (x₂, y₂, z₂), or at any point therebetween, using equation E₁ (note that in the two-dimension space of FIG. 9, one of the x and y coordinate would be the lateral distance between the longitudinal axis Z and the inward-facing reflective surface 133 and the other of the x and y coordinate would be zero).

FIGS. 10 through 12 illustrate a second reflective structure 136 having an outward-facing reflective surface 142 with an arcuate profile that is configured for use in a mirror arrangement with the first reflective structure 130 illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9. The second reflective structure 136 may include a top surface 143 and a recessed surface 145 surrounding a longitudinal aperture 147, wherein the longitudinal aperture 147 extends coaxial with longitudinal axis Z. The longitudinal aperture may be configured to allow the image sensor 106 to view at least a bottom portion of a bottom gaming token in a stack of gaming tokens. The top surface 143 of the second reflective structure 136 may be planar and may be configured to be centrally affixed to the underside of the transparent cover 102 in a manner to be co-planar with the top, planar surface 129 of the first reflective structure 130. In embodiments wherein the top surface 143 of the second reflective structure 136 is centrally affixed to the underside of the transparent cover 102, the second reflective structure 136 may form the hub structure 134 previously described. In embodiments wherein the second reflective structure 136 forms the hub structure 134, one or more PCBs 144 carrying optional LEDs 107 may be mounted to the recessed surface 145 of the second reflective structure 136.

FIG. 12 illustrates a side, cross-sectional view of the second reflective structure 136 illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11 bisected by a plane containing the longitudinal axis Z of the second reflective structure 136. The outward-facing reflective surface 142 of the second reflective structure 136 may extend 360 degrees around the longitudinal axis Z of the second reflective structure 136 and may face the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of the first reflective structure 130. As shown more clearly in FIG. 12, the outward-facing reflective surface 142 may have opposing, convex, arcuate cross-sectional profiles 142 a, 142 b. By way of non-limiting example, in embodiments wherein the opposing cross-sectional profiles 133 a, 133 b of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 are shaped as a segment of a prolate ellipse, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, each directly opposing cross-sectional profile 142 a, 142 b of the outward-facing reflective surface 142 may extend in an arc with a single radius R_(A). By way of a further non-limiting example, if the opposing cross-sectional profiles 133 a, 133 b of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 are defined, as previously described, by a prolate ellipse with k=−0.5822 and R=25.6914, wherein the maximum and minimum diameters D₁, D₂ of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 are about 62.1 mm and about 41.7 mm, respectively, the outward-facing reflective surface 142 may taper arcuately from a maximum diameter D₃ of about 24.9 mm to a minimum diameter D₄ of about 9.0 mm along the opposing arcuate cross-sectional profiles 142 a, 142 b, wherein each cross-sectional profile 142 a, 142 b has a radius R_(A) of about 53.0 mm.

It is to be appreciated that the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of the first reflective structure 130 and the outward-facing reflective surface 142 of the second reflective structure 136 may be respectively sized, shaped, configured and oriented in any manner to direct an image of the lateral side surface 146 of the stack of gaming tokens 124 onto the image sensor 106. For example, in alternative embodiments, the cross-sectional profiles 133 a, 133 b of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of the first reflective structure 130 may be shaped as a section of a circle, oblate ellipse, parabola, hyperbola or any other shape sufficient to allow operability of the bet sensor 100. The inward-facing reflective surface 133 may have a maximum diameter D₁ in the range of about 40.0 mm to about 250.0 mm, and may taper, linearly or arcuately, to a minimum diameter D₂ in the range of about 10.0 mm to about 100.0 mm. The inward-facing reflective surface 133 may have an axial distance L₁ in the range of about 5.0 mm to about 50.0 mm as measured along the longitudinal axis Z, between surfaces of the inward-facing reflective surface 133 at the maximum and minimum diameters D₁, D₂. The outward-facing reflective surface 142 may have a maximum diameter D₃ in the range of about 5.0 mm to about 100.0 mm, and may taper, linearly or arcuately, to a minimum diameter D₄ in the range of about 0.0 mm to about 4.0 mm. The cross-sectional profiles 142 a, 142 b of the outward-facing reflective surface 142 may be shaped as a section of a circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, or any other shape sufficient to allow operability of the bet sensor 100. In embodiments where the shape of the cross-sectional profiles of the inward- and outward-facing reflective surfaces 133, 142 are defined by a portion of a conic section, such as a circle, ellipse, parabola or hyperbola, the shape-imparting conic section may be defined by a conic constant k in the range of about −8.0 to 2.0 and R in the range of about 10.0 mm to about 300.0 mm.

FIG. 13 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a mirror arrangement including the first reflective structure 130 shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 and the second reflective structure 136 shown in FIGS. 10 through 12. Similar to the manner described above in reference to FIG. 7, the first and second reflective structures 130, 136 shown in FIG. 13 are sized and arranged relative to one another such that light rays R_(L), including ambient light rays and/or illumination light rays emitted by the optional LEDs 107, are reflected off the lateral side surface 146 of the stack of gaming tokens 124 through the transparent cover 102 toward the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of the first reflective structure 130. The light rays are reflected from the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of the first reflective structure 130 toward the outward-facing reflective surface 142 of the second reflective structure 136, from which the light rays are reflected onto the image sensor 106. The average light ray travel distance between two components of the bet sensor 100 may be defined as the average distance a light ray may travel between the two respective components of the bet sensor 100 in a plane bisecting the concentrically-aligned inward- and outward-facing reflective surfaces 133, 142 and containing the longitudinal axis Z thereof.

The average light ray travel distance may be determined using light ray tracer software to plot a dispersion of light rays R_(L) reflected off the lateral side surface 146 of the stack of gaming tokens 124 through the transparent cover 102 toward the inward-facing reflective surface 133 and reflected therefrom onto the outward-facing reflective surface 142. After the dispersion of light rays R_(L) is plotted, the average travel distance of the light rays R_(L) in the dispersion of light rays may be calculated between two components of the bet sensor. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 13, the mirror arrangement may be sized, configured and oriented to provide an average light ray travel distance D₅ between the lateral side surface 146 of the stack of gaming tokens 124 and the inward-facing reflective surface 133 of about 26.4 mm and an average light ray travel distance D₆ between the inward-facing reflective surface 133 and the outward-facing reflective surface 142 of about 17.2 mm when the inward- and outward-facing reflective surfaces 133, 142 are respectively sized, configured and oriented as previously described in reference to FIG. 12. Alternatively, the mirror arrangement may be sized, configured and oriented to provide an average light ray travel distance D₅ between the lateral side surface 146 of the stack of gaming tokens 124 and the inward-facing reflective surface 133 in the range of about 15.0 mm to about 110.0 mm and an average light ray travel distance D₆ between the inward-facing reflective surface 133 and the outward-facing reflective surface 142 in the range of about 5.0 mm to about 100.0 mm.

Referring now to FIGS. 7 and 13, an optional lens 104 or other optical components may be located between the second reflective structure 136 and the image sensor 106 and may be configured to focus or otherwise manipulate the light rays impinging on the image sensor 106 and forming an image of the stack of gaming tokens 124. The lens 104 may comprise what is referred to in the art as a “micro video lens.” In other embodiments, the lens 104 may comprise what is referred to as a “folding lens.” The lens 104 may be selected based on minimum requirements of modulation transfer function (MTF) and distortion. It is to be appreciated that in some embodiments, the lens 104 may be omitted and the image may be reflected from the second reflective structure 136 directly onto the image sensor 106. In embodiments where a lens 104 is utilized, an average light ray travel distance D₇ between the outward-facing reflective surface 142 of the second reflective structure 136 and the lens 104 may be about 16.6 mm, while an average light ray travel distance D₈ between the lens 104 and the image sensor 106 may be about 10.2 mm. In other embodiments, the average light ray travel distance D₇ between the outward-facing reflective surface 142 and the lens 104 may be in the range of about 7.0 mm and about 60.0 mm, while the average light ray travel distance D₈ between the lens 104 and the image sensor 106 may be in the range of about 5.0 mm and 50.0 mm.

The configuration of each of the first and second reflective structures 130, 136 having a respective reflective surface 133, 142 extending substantially entirely around a respective circumference of each of the reflective structures 130, 136 provides a two-dimensional image on the image sensor 106 representing a 360 degree view of the entire circumference of the lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens on the bet placement surface of the transparent cover. Such an image may be referred to in the art as a “pericentric” or “hypercentric” image. In this manner, the image sensor 106 may capture a two-dimensional image representing a 360 degree view of the entire circumference of the three-dimensional lateral side surface 146 of the stack of gaming tokens 124, as shown in FIG. 14A. In the pericentric image of the stack of gaming tokens as shown in FIG. 14A, the lateral side surface of each gaming token is represented as an annular shape. The annular shapes representing the lateral side surfaces of the gaming tokens are concentrically located relative to one another in the pericentric image when the chips are vertically aligned, with the annular shapes corresponding to lateral side surfaces of gaming tokens at the bottom of the stack being located closer to the center of the image and the annular shapes corresponding to lateral side surfaces of gaming tokens at the top of the stack being located at the outer radial periphery of the image.

In some embodiments, the image sensor 106 may comprise a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. The CMOS image sensor may be a color sensor or a black and white sensor and may be of the type used in a conventional CMOS camera.

As shown in FIG. 15, the image sensor 106 may be part of an image sensor module 148 comprising a printed circuit board 118 to which the image sensor 106 is mounted. The lens 104 may mounted to the image sensor 106 on the image sensor module 148. In some embodiments, the processor 110 of the bet sensor (100) may be mounted to the image sensor unit, as shown in FIG. 15.

The image sensor 106 may be selected based on performance factors including cost, resolution, light sensitivity, and ease of integration with the processor 110. Because most gaming tokens may be uniquely identifiable according to chip color and markings on the lateral side of the token, the illumination unit 120 (FIGS. 2 and 3) and the image sensor module 148, including the image sensor 106, may be optimized to meet a basic minimum standard for image quality sufficient to allow the processor 110 to accurately recognize the color and general patterns of substantially the entire circumference of the lateral side surface of each token in the stack of gaming tokens 124. By way of non-limiting example, the image sensor 106 may be one of a model OV9715, a model OV10620, or a model OV3642 CMOS image sensor commercially available from OmniVision Technologies Inc., of Santa Clara, Calif. By way of further non-limiting example, the image sensor 106 may be one of a model MT9V024, a model MT9D131, or a model MT9V032 CMOS image sensor commercially available from Aptina Imaging Corp., of San Jose, Calif.

Window imaging techniques may be used in connection with the image sensor 106. For example, various window imaging sizes on the image sensor 106 may be selectively used to capture images of substantially the entire circumference of the lateral side surface 146 of the stack of gaming tokens 124. In some embodiments, a 32 mm window diameter may be utilized in the CMOS image sensor 106. In other embodiments, a 62 mm window diameter may be utilized in the CMOS image sensor 106. In yet other embodiments, a 75 mm window diameter may be utilized in the CMOS image sensor 106. In still yet other embodiments, a window diameter greater than 75 mm may be utilized in the CMOS image sensor 106. In other embodiments, other image sensors may be utilized, such as, by way of a non-limiting example, charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors. It is to be appreciated that any type or model of image sensor capable of capturing an image of the lateral side surface of a stack of gaming tokens is within the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein.

As described previously in reference to FIG. 1, the image sensor 106 may be in electronic communication with the processor 110. The processor 110 may be located on the PCB 118 proximate the image sensor module 148. The image sensor 106 is also operatively coupled to the PCB 118 and may communicate electronically with the processor 110 through conductive vias, traces, interconnects, or a combination thereof. In other embodiments, a wire or cable may extend from the image sensor 106 directly to the processor 110. For example, an Ethernet cable or a cable extending between corresponding USB ports on or communicating with the image sensor 106 and the processor 110, respectively, may extend between and provide communication between the processor 110 and the image sensor 106. Alternatively, a wire or cable may extend from the image sensor 106 to an intermediate component on the PCB. In yet other embodiments, the image sensor 106 may communicate wirelessly with the processor 110.

In addition to controlling the LEDs 107 of the illumination unit 120 (FIGS. 2 and 3), the processor 110 may be configured under control of a computer program to control the image sensor 106 to capture images of the stack of gaming tokens 124 and transmit the images to the processor 110. The processor 110 may be configured under control of a computer program to perform one or more algorithms using the acquired image(s) of the stack of gaming tokens 124 and to determine a sum value of the stack of gaming tokens 124 supported on the bet placement surface 122 of the transparent cover 102. For example, the processor 110 may be configured to perform at least two functions in the processing of images of a stack of gaming tokens 124: token pattern calibration and token pattern detection. As previously described, the value of a single gaming token may be determined by recognizing the color and spatial patterns or markings on the lateral side surface of the token. In other embodiments, the value may be determined by color alone, markings alone or patterns alone.

The pattern calibration software and algorithms may allow a user to store in the processor memory a reference image of an entire circumference of a lateral side surface of each unique token in a set of gaming tokens. The reference image may be an image captured by the image sensor 106 of a unique token, or “reference token,” placed on the bet placement surface 122 of the bet sensor 100 and illuminated by the illumination unit 120, as previously described. The processor 110 may perform an algorithm to convert the 360 degree view of the entire circumference of the lateral side surface of the reference token into an image showing a linear depiction of the entire circumference of the lateral side surface of the reference token. Once the image is converted into a linear depiction in such a manner, the processor 110 may perform an edge detection algorithm on the reference image to identify the edges of the depicted reference token. After the edges of the reference token are identified, the processor 110 may examine the areas of the token internal to the edges to identify qualities of the patterns in these areas, such as the color and size of the patterns. To do so, at least one line having a plurality of reference points may be projected through the linear depiction of the entire circumference of the lateral side surface of the reference token. The processor 110 may then perform an algorithm to identify the color intensity at each reference point on each line extending through the entire circumference of the lateral side surface of the reference token for each of the red, green and blue colors on a red blue green (RGB) color scale. After the processor 110 has identified the color intensity for each color on the RGB scale at each reference point on the line, a reference graph may be plotted and stored in the processor memory charting the color intensity for each color on the RGB scale at each reference point on the line. The processor 110 may correlate the reference graph with a unique token value previously input by an operator of the bet sensor during setup. In one embodiment, multiple lines are drawn through the pericentric image, and each line intersects a center point of the pericentric image. Histograms of the RGB values may be analyzed to locate the boundaries between chips and determine the number of chips in the stack.

The token pattern detection software and algorithms allow wager images comprising captured images of gaming tokens 124 placed by a player as part of a bet to be compared with the reference images for each token stored in the processor memory. As previously described, the image sensor 106 may transmit wager images to the processor 110. The wager images may be continuously streamed from the image sensor 106 to the processor 110 and subsequently captured by the processor 110, or, alternatively, the wager images may be captured by the image sensor 106 and transmitted to the processor 110. The wager images may be stored in the processor memory while the processor 110 performs one or more algorithms to determine the value of the stack of gaming tokens 124 depicted in the wager images. The processor 110 may perform an algorithm to convert the 360 degree view of the entire circumference of the lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens 124 in the wager image into an image showing a linear depiction of the entire circumference of the lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens 124. Once the image is converted into a linear depiction in such a manner, the processor 110 may perform an edge detection algorithm on the wager image to identify the edges of each of the depicted tokens in the stack of gaming tokens 124. After the edges of the tokens are identified, the processor 110 may examine the areas of the tokens internal to the edges to identify qualities of the patterns in these areas, such as the color and size of the patterns. To do so, at least one line having a plurality of reference points may be projected through the linear depiction of the entire circumference of the lateral side surface of each token in the wager image, according to the manner previously described with respect to the reference image, to obtain a token graph charting the color intensity for each color on the RGB scale at each reference point on the line for each token in the wager image. Subsequently, the processor may compare the token graph for each token in the wager image to each reference graph stored in the processor memory until the processor identifies the stored reference graph having RGB color intensity characteristics most closely corresponding to each token graph. The processor 110 may then add the unique token values derived for each token in the wager image to calculate a sum wager value of the stack of gaming tokens 124 depicted in the wager image. It is to be appreciated that such processes and algorithms performed by the processor 110 to obtain token graphs for each token in a wager image will result in a high degree of accuracy regardless of whether the stack of gaming tokens 124 wagered by a player is illuminated by the illumination unit 120 or by ambient light only.

In one potential alternative method, after the wager image is captured and transmitted to the processor 110 by the image sensor 106, the processor 110 may utilize software to extract data from the pericentric wager image for comparison with data of reference images for each token stored in the processor memory. Referring now to FIG. 14B, pixel data present in the wager image may be used to extract information about the gaming tokens 124 displayed therein. For example, if a center C of the pericentric wager image has been located, it is to be appreciated that a number of lines extending through the center C will pass through the lateral side surfaces (or pericentric “rings”) of the gaming tokens 124 illustrated in the wager image. The lines may also pass through the various colored regions of the rings in the wager image. FIG. 14C illustrates the wager image of FIG. 14B having four (4) lines W₁, W₂, W₃, W₄ extending through the center C of the wager image and passing through the rings, including the various colored portions. The pixel data contained in the wager image may include the color on the RGB color scale of the pixels intersected by each of the lines W₁, W₂, W₃, W₄.

Referring now to FIG. 14D, a plot of four (4) graphs is illustrated representing plots of red pixels of the RGB color scale along each of the lines W₁, W₂, W₃, W₄. As shown in FIG. 14D, the x-axis of each plot represents the distance from the center C of the pericentric wager image along each line, and the y-axis represents the ratio of red pixels to green or blue pixels intersected by the line at a given reference band centered at each respective reference point along the x-axis. In this manner, each plot provides an indication of the varying degrees to which the image appears red along the x-axis. At locations along the x-axes corresponding to locations of the wager image where the respective line intersects the transition between the ring of a first gaming token and the ring of a second, adjacent gaming token, the corresponding value on the y-axes will transition from one substantially constant red value representing the first ring to another substantially constant red value representing the second, adjacent ring.

It is to be appreciated that if the x-axes of the plots for each of the lines W₁, W₂, W₃, W₄ are aligned, with the center C of the pericentric image located at the origin of the x-axes, the transition points in the y-values of the plots will also be aligned at corresponding x-values in each of the plots, shown in FIG. 14D as boundaries B₁-B₈. The transition points on the graphs correspond to the boundaries between adjacent rings in the wager image. The first boundary B₁ represents the edge of the colored marking on the underside of the lowermost, or “first,” gaming token in the stack of gaming tokens along the lines W₁, W₂, W₃, W₄; the second boundary B₂ represents the transition from the underside to the lateral side surface of the first gaming token; the third boundary B₃ represents the transition between the lateral side surface of the first gaming token to the lateral side surface of a second gaming token, and so forth, and the last boundary, shown as B₈ in FIG. 14D, represents the top edge of the lateral side surface of the uppermost, i.e., “top” or “last,” gaming token in the stack of gaming tokens 124. In this manner, by aligning the plots and plotting the boundaries between adjacent gaming tokens through the x-axis of each graph, each distinct ring in the wager image may be identified from the regions on the x-axes located between adjacent boundaries of the boundaries B₁-B₈.

Once each distinct ring in the wager image is identified as a region on the x-axes located between adjacent boundaries of the boundaries B₁-B₈, the degree of redness of each boundary, represented by the y-values, may be extrapolated for comparison to corresponding data extrapolated from the reference images for each gaming token 124 stored in the processor memory. It will be appreciated that the accuracy of the comparison is increased as the number of lines extending through the center C of the wager image is increased. After each distinct ring in the wager image is identified as a corresponding region on the x-axes located between adjacent boundaries of the boundaries B₁-B₈, the total number of red pixels within each ring intersected by each of the lines W₁, W₂, W₃, W₄ may be calculated to acquire a total red pixel value for each ring. In a similar manner, separate green and blue RGB graphs along each of lines W₁, W₂, W₃, W₄ may be plotted and aligned to acquire a total green pixel value and a total blue pixel value for each ring. The total red, green, and blue pixel values for each ring may be combined to acquire a wager RGB signature for each ring. The wager RGB signature for each ring may then be compared to corresponding RGB signatures of gaming tokens 124 depicted in reference images until the stored RGB signature that most closely corresponds to the wager RGB signature for each ring is identified. In this manner, pixel data from the wager image may be extracted and manipulated for comparison with reference images previously stored.

The processor 110 may be configured to run software to extract and manipulate data in the wager image for comparison with reference image data stored in the processor memory. For example, the processor 110 may run pattern recognition software, including, by way of non-limiting example, edge detection software, as is known in the art, to locate the center C of the pericentric wager image. After the center C of the pericentric wager image is located, pixel data, including RGB pixel color or intensity, along lines extending through the center C of the wager image may be acquired by the processor 110. Such pixel data may include the pixel data for the various colored regions of the rings in the wager image. The processor 110 may utilize the acquired pixel data to further identify the boundaries between adjacent rings in the pericentric wager image. Once the boundaries between adjacent rings are identified, the processor 110 may organize the acquired pixel according to each ring in the wager image to acquire a pixel data signature for each ring. The pixel data signature for each ring in the wager image may include an RGB pixel signature for each ring. The processor 110 may then compare the pixel data signature for each ring in the wager image with corresponding pixel data signatures for the reference images stored in the processor memory until the processor 110 identifies the reference image with the pixel data signature most closely corresponding to the pixel data signature of each respective ring in the wager image. Subsequently, the processor 110 may assign to each ring in the wager image a wager value associated with the corresponding stored pixel data signature. The processor 110 may then add the wager values assigned to each ring in the wager image to calculate a sum wager value of the stack of gaming tokens 124.

Alternatively, the reference image for each unique token may comprise a composite image of the entire circumference of the lateral side surface of the token. In some embodiments, the composite image may be derived from at least two base images stored in the processor memory, including at least one base image of the token illuminated by ambient light and at least one base image of the token illuminated by the illumination unit 120. The stored base images for each unique token may be processed to form a single grayscale composite image of the token in the processor memory. The composite image may be further processed and assigned a composite value by the processor. To derive the composite value for each composite image, according to one non-limiting example, the processor 110 may perform an edge detection algorithm on the composite image to identify the edges of the depicted token. After the edges of the token are identified, the processor 110 may examine the areas of the token internal to the edges to identify qualities of the patterns in these areas, such as the shape, size, and grayscale shade of the patterns. Subsequently, the processor 110 may assign the image a reference designation derived from processing a set of sub-values, the set of sub-values comprising a sub-value for each of at least the processed shape, size, and grayscale shade qualities of the internal areas of the depicted token. The reference designation may comprise a single value derived from processing the set of sub-values, or, alternatively, may comprise a listing of the set of sub-values. The processor 110 may correspond the reference designation with a unique token value previously input by an operator of the bet sensor 100 during setup. The unique token value may be equivalent to the actual monetary value of the token.

In other embodiments, a single base image, taken under ambient light, of substantially the entire lateral side surface of each unique token may be stored in the processor memory. In such embodiments, the stored base image may be further processed to form a corresponding second base image altered to represent an image of the unique token illuminated by the illumination unit 120. Thus, the stored base images for each unique token may be processed to form a single grayscale composite image of the unique pattern on the lateral side surface of the associated token. The composite image may then be stored in the processor memory. In such an embodiment, the token depicted in the composite image may be further processed and assigned a unique token value, as previously described.

In yet other embodiments, a single base image, taken under light emitted by the illumination unit 120, of substantially the entire lateral side surface of each unique token may be stored in the processor memory. In such embodiments, the stored base image may be further processed to form a corresponding second base image altered to represent an image of the unique token illuminated only by ambient light. Thus, the stored base images for each unique token may be processed to form a single grayscale composite grayscale image of the unique pattern on the lateral side surface of the associated token. The composite image may then be stored in the processor memory. In such an embodiment, the token depicted in the composite image may be further processed and assigned a unique token value, as previously described.

In further embodiments, a single base image, taken either under ambient light or light emitted by the illumination unit 120, of substantially the entire lateral side surface of each unique token may be stored in the processor memory and may be further processed to store in the processor memory a grayscale reference image of the unique pattern on the lateral side surface of the associated token. The token depicted in the grayscale reference image of such an embodiment may be further processed and assigned a unique token value, as previously described. It is to be appreciated that any method of storing in the processor memory an image of the unique pattern on the lateral side surface of an associated token is within the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

As previously described, the token pattern detection software and algorithms allow wager images comprising captured images of gaming tokens 124 placed by a player as part of a bet to be compared with the reference images for each token stored in the processor memory. The processor 110 may convert each wager image into grayscale and subsequently perform an edge detection algorithm to identify the edges of the depicted token, as described previously. After the edges of each token in the wager image are identified, the processor 110 may examine and process the areas of each token internal to the edges thereof to identify one or more of the shape, size, and grayscale shade of the patterns within the edges of the depicted tokens. Subsequently, the processor 110 may assign each token depicted in the wager image a token designation derived from processing a set of sub-values, the set of sub-values comprising a sub-value for one or more of the processed shape, size, and grayscale shade qualities of the internal areas of the depicted token. The token designation may comprise a single value derived from processing the set of sub-values, or, alternatively, may comprise a listing of the set of sub-values. The processor 110 may then compare the token designation with the reference designations stored in the processor memory until the processor identifies the stored reference designation most closely corresponding to the token designation. Subsequently, the processor 110 may associate the token designation with the unique token value stored in association with the corresponding reference designation. The processor 110 may then add the unique token values derived for each token in the stack of gaming tokens 124 to calculate a sum wager value of the stack of gaming tokens 124.

The processor 110 may possess the computing power to perform the necessary computations to determine the value of the stack of gaming tokens 124 in about one (1) second or less in some embodiments. In further embodiments, the processor may possess the computing power to perform the necessary computations to determine the value of the stack of gaming tokens 124 in about 0.5 second or less. In yet further embodiments, the processor may possess the computing power to perform the necessary computations to determine the value of the stack of gaming tokens 124 in about 0.1 second or less. The processor 110 may be capable of supporting software development tools and providing ease of integration with the image sensor 106. For example, the processor 110 may be what is referred to in the art as an “ARM” based processor, such as, by way of non-limiting example, an open multimedia applications platform (OMAP) processor produced by Texas Instruments of Dallas, Tex., a Sitara microprocessor produced by Texas Instruments, or a S3C6410 model mobile processor produced by Samsung of Seoul, Korea. However, it is to be appreciated that any processor or combination of processors capable of performing the token recognition functions described above is within the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein.

As previously described with reference to FIG. 1, the processor 110 may be in electronic communication with the display device 112 for displaying the wager value to a player and/or operator of a wagering game. The display device 112 may be a liquid crystal display (LCD), such as a 1 line by 8 character (1×8) LCD or a 2 line by 8 character (2×8) LCD, either of which may optionally include a backlight. Alternatively, the display device 112 may include LEDs, organic LEDs (OLEDs), AMOLEDs, thin-film transistors (TFTs), a graphic LCD, or any combination thereof. In yet other embodiments, the display device 112 may comprise transparent LCD digital signage. As used herein, the term “transparent LCD digital signage” means and refers to a device comprising an LCD display embedded within a transparent or semi-transparent material. For example, in such embodiments, the transparent cover 102, or a portion thereof, may be integrated with an LCD display to form the display device 112 having transparent LCD digital signage, wherein the LCD display is configured to project static images, dynamic images, or any combination thereof on a surface of the transparent cover 102 that is visible by a player. In other words, the display device 112 may comprise at least a portion of the transparent cover 102, wherein the at least a portion of the transparent cover 102 is configured to display information visible to the player. For example, such information may include the wager value of the stack of gaming tokens 124. In such embodiments, the transparent cover 102 may be transparent or semi-transparent to visible light. The display device 112 configured to include transparent LCD digital signage may be in electronic communication with the processor 110, as previously described, wherein the images displayed on the display device are controlled by the processor 110. By way of a non-limiting example, the display device 112 configured to include transparent LCD digital signage may be a STA1713 model transparent LCD digital signage, produced by LiteMax Electronics, Inc. of New Taipei, Taiwan. It is to be appreciated that any device for displaying the wager value to a player and/or operator of the game is within the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein.

The bet sensor 100 may also be capable of communicating other information to a player of the game. For example, in addition to illuminating the stack of gaming tokens 124, the LEDs 107 may also be utilized as an indicator light system to communicate information to a player and/or operator of the game responsive to a state of the game. For example, a casino may wish to limit the duration during which a player may place a wager or indicate a player who has won a game. In some embodiments, the bet sensor 100, including the LEDs 107, the first reflective structure 130, and the transparent cover 102, may be configured to provide indicator light signals to a player of the game. In some embodiments, additional LEDs 107 of varying light color emissions may be used to, for example, signal an approached end of a period for wager placement, to indicate the end of such period, to indicate a winner of a round of a game, or all of the foregoing. In other embodiments, LEDs 107 may be strobed in different patterns to indicate one or more of the foregoing game-associated events. In any such embodiments, the bet sensor 100 may include at least one optical element that is configured to transmit visible light emitted by the LEDs 107 or another indicator light to a player and/or operator of the game.

For example, a light guide element 156 optionally may be located on an underside of the transparent cover 102, as illustrated in FIG. 16. The light guide element 156 may have an annular configuration and may be concentrically aligned with the hub structure 134. The light guide element 156 may comprise a portion of the transparent cover 102 or may comprise a separate structure affixed to the transparent cover 102. In embodiments in which the light guide element 156 is a separate structure attached to the transparent cover 102, the attachment of the light guide element 156 to the transparent cover 102 may be accomplished by a mechanical fastener, an adhesive, or other means of attachment. The light guide element 156 may be configured to channel light emitted from the LEDs 107 and transmit the channeled light in an even dispersion through a portion of the transparent cover 102 adjacent the light guide element 156. A portion of the top surface of the transparent cover 102 positioned above the light guide element 156 may comprise an optical surface element 158 configured to increase visibility of the light transmitted through the light guide element 156. The optical surface element 158 may comprise a textured or “frosted” diffuser portion of the top surface of the transparent cover 102 and may be configured to transmit an even dispersion of light in a ring configuration corresponding to the light guide element 156. The frosted diffuser portion 158 of the transparent cover 102 may be formed by an etching process, including, by way of non-limiting example, a mechanical etching process, a chemical etching process, a laser etching process, a grinding process, or other processes known in the art. Thus, the processor 110 may control the LEDs 107 to emit light in cooperation with the light guide element 156, the transparent cover 102, and the optical surface element 158 to provide lighting effect signals for communicating information to a player. As noted above, the lighting signals may include emission of different colors of light to represent different signals. For example, a green light may indicate that a wager may be placed, while a red light may indicate that a wager may not be placed.

In embodiments in which the display device 112 comprises the transparent cover 102 configured with transparent LCD digital signage, the display device 112 may also be used as an indicator light system similar to that previously described. In such embodiments, the display device 112 may be controlled by the processor 110 to communicate information to a player responsive to a state of the game. In addition to displaying a wager value to a player, the display device 112 configured with transparent LCD digital signage may be configured to display, by way of non-limiting example, a dynamic countdown encouraging a player to place a wager within a predetermined time, an indication of the status of the game being played, a dynamic or static image indicating which game is being played, advertisements, or any other information a gaming institution wishes to communicate to a player.

FIG. 17 illustrates a non-limiting example of a circuit that may be used in the LED driver 116 of FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 1, the LED driver 116 may comprise a drive circuit 162 that may be used to allow the processor 110 to control the LEDs 107 for both illuminating the stack of gaming tokens 124 and for providing indicator lighting effects to a player. The drive circuit 162 may comprise a pulse-width modulation (PWM) multiplexed circuit including a microcontroller 164, such as what is referred to in the art as a “PIC” microcontroller, configured to transform a command signal from the processor 110 into a plurality of command signals. The plurality of command signals may include at least one unique command signal for each LED 107 of the plurality of LEDs. The drive circuit 162 is illustrated as having a set of nine (9) LEDs 107 a-107 i connected thereto; however, it is to be understood that any number of LEDs may be connected to the drive circuit 162, including each LED 107 of the illumination unit 120. A multiplexer 166 may be electronically interposed between the microcontroller and each of the LEDs 107, and may direct each individual command signal from the microcontroller 164 to a specific LED 107. In this manner, the function of each LED 107 may be controlled by the processor, including color, intensity, fading, and strobe or pulse effects, to create a desired overall lighting effect for illuminating the stack of gaming tokens 124 or communicating information to a player.

As previously described with reference to FIG. 1, the processor 110 may be in electronic communication with a table controller 114. For example, a wire or cable may extend from the processor 110 (or the image sensor module 148) to the table controller 114, such as an Ethernet or USB cable. Alternatively, the table controller 114 may communicate wirelessly with the processor 110. The table controller 114 may be a PC-based computer platform with a display screen for displaying the wager value transmitted from the processor 110 to a table operator. The table controller 114 may include a user interface configured to allow the table operator to accept, reject, or correct the wager value. The table controller 114 may comprise an override function allowing the table operator to input a corrected wager value, wherein the corrected wager value may be transmitted from the table controller 114 to the processor 110 and subsequently displayed by the display device 112. The table controller 114 may also be configured to allow the table operator to communicate various signals to a player of the game through the indicator light system described above. For example, the table operator may select a signal command output from a list of signal command outputs stored in the table controller 114. The table controller 114 may subsequently transmit the signal command to the processor 110. The processor 110 may then transmit the signal command to the LED driver 116, wherein the LED driver 116 may process the signal command to control the LEDs 107, as previously described.

In some embodiments, the bet sensor 100 may comprise a modular configuration for ease of assembly. For example, as described above, the transparent cover 102, the first reflective structure 130, and the hub structure 134 may each be removably coupled together to provide simple assembly and disassembly of the illumination unit 120. Additionally, the optional lens 104 may be removably coupled to the image sensor 106. The image sensor 106 may be removably coupled with the processor 110, and the processor 110 may be removably coupled with the table controller 114. The removable attachment of these components may allow for ease of assembly and interchangeability of these components. Bet sensors 100 of the present invention may be connected in series to a processor as described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/946,814, filed Nov. 5, 2010, entitled “Wager Recognition System,” the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.

FIG. 18 illustrates an embodiment of a gaming table 168 of the present disclosure, which includes a table having an upper playing surface 170 and a plurality of apertures, each of which apertures extends through the upper surface of the table proximate each of a plurality of corresponding player positions 172 a-172 g at the table. The gaming table 168 further includes bet sensors 100 as described herein mounted to the table proximate, or, in some embodiments, within, the apertures extending through the upper surface of the table. For example, each bet sensor 100 may be mounted to the table 168 such that the transparent cover 102 is disposed in and covers the associated aperture. The upper betting surface 122 of the transparent cover 102 may be at least substantially flush with the upper playing surface 170 of the table 168.

A table controller 114 may be operatively coupled to the plurality of bet sensors 100. Each player position 172 a-172 g may include a bet sensor 100 a-100 g and a display device 112 a-112 g, each of which may be configured as previously described herein. The processor 110 (not shown in FIG. 18) of each bet sensor 100 a-100 g may be in electronic communication with the table controller 114, as previously described. The table 168 may further include additional features, such as a dealer chip tray 174, which may be used by the dealer to cash players in and out of the wagering game. For embodiments using physical cards 176 a, 176 b, the table 168 may further include a card handling device 178 that may be configured to shuffle, read, and deliver physical cards for the dealer and players to use during game play or, alternatively, a card shoe configured to read and deliver cards that have already been randomized. For embodiments using virtual cards, such virtual cards may be displayed on a display screen (not shown) at each of the individual player positions 172 a-172 g. Common virtual cards may be displayed in a common card area (not shown). The table controller 114 may further include an interface 180, which may include touch screen controls for assisting the dealer in administering the wagering game. The table 168 may further include an upright display 182 configured to display images that depict game information such as pay tables, hand counts, historical win/loss information by player, and a wide variety of other information considered useful to the players. The upright display 182 may be double sided to provide such information to players as well as to a casino pit. It is to be appreciated that the bet sensors 100 a-100 g may have a modular configuration to provide ease of integration with the gaming table 168.

In other embodiments, at least a majority of the image processing and computations may be performed by the table controller instead of by each individual bet sensor. Referring now to FIG. 19, a simplified schematic diagram of another embodiment of a bet sensor 200 is illustrated. The bet sensor 200 may be generally configured as described previously in reference to FIG. 1, and may include a transparent cover 202 in visual register with a lens 204. The transparent cover 202 may be embedded in a gaming table and may be configured to receive a stack of gaming tokens thereon. An image sensor 206 may be positioned to view the stack of gaming tokens through the transparent cover 202 and the lens 204. Proximate the transparent cover 202 may be located one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 207 configured for illuminating the stack of gaming tokens to provide a satisfactory image of the stack viewable by the image sensor 206. Each of the LEDs 207 may be configured with a lens 208 to provide desired light emission qualities. The image sensor 206 may be in electronic communication with a field programmable gated array (FPGA) 209 configured to capture images from the image sensor 206 and transmit the images to a processor 210 located in a table controller 211. In alternative embodiments, any image processor may be utilized in place of the FPGA 209.

As previously described, the table controller 211 may be a personal computer (PC) based computing platform, and, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 19, the processor 210 may be located on the table controller 211. The processor 210 may be configured to receive a stream of captured images of the stack of gaming tokens from the FPGA 209 and to process the images (i.e., perform one or more algorithms using the images) to calculate the values of the stack of chips depicted therein. The processing algorithms performed by the processor 210 to determine the wager values may be performed as previously described herein. After the processor 210 has determined a wager value of a stack of gaming tokens, the processor 210 may display the wager value on a screen of a user interface of the table controller 211. The user interface may be configured to allow a table operator to accept, reject, or correct the wager value. The table controller 211 may comprise an override function allowing the table operator to input a corrected wager value. The processor 210 may be configured to transmit a display signal comprising the wager value to the FGPA 209. After receiving the display signal from the processor 210, the FGPA 209 may transmit the display signal to a display device 212. The display device 212 may be configured to display the wager value to the player who placed the wager, to other players, to a table operator, or to any combination thereof. The display device 212 may be configured as previously described herein.

An LED driver 216 may be electronically interposed between the FGPA 209 and the LEDs 207. As previously described herein, the processor 210 may be configured to control the lighting effects of the LEDs 207 for illuminating the stack of gaming tokens and for communicating information to players. To control the LEDs 207, the processor 210 may transmit lighting command signals to the FPGA 209, which may transmit the lighting command signals to the LED driver 216. The LED driver 216 may be configured as previously described herein, and may process the lighting command signals as previously described. The FPGA 209 and at least the LED driver 216 may be located on a printed circuit board (PCB) 218, and electronic communication between the FPGA 209 and the LED driver 216 may be provided through conductive traces, vias and interconnects in the PCB 218, as is known in the art.

Additionally, the table controller 211 may be configured to enable the table operator to communicate various signals to a player of the game through the indicator light system described above. As previously described, the computer program and/or table operator may select a lighting command signal output from a list of lighting commands stored in the table controller 114. Furthermore, the table controller 211 may be integrated with a plurality of bet sensors 200 embedded in a gaming table, wherein the table controller 211, including the processor 210, may be configured to operate each bet sensor 200 of the plurality of bet sensors 200. In some embodiments, the table controller 211 may be integrated with up to seven (7) bet sensors 200 embedded in a gaming table. It is to be appreciated that any number of bet sensors 200, including more than seven (7), may be integrated with the table controller 211.

Referring now to FIG. 20, an embodiment of an another suitable location for the LEDs is illustrated. An illumination unit 300 may be generally configured as described above with reference to FIGS. 2 through 6, including a transparent cover 302 having a bet placement surface 304 for supporting a stack of gaming tokens 306 thereon. The cover glass may define an annular recess 308 on an underside of the transparent cover 302. One or more LEDs 310 may be positioned on a PCB 312, wherein at least part of the LED 310 is located within the annular recess 308. The LEDs 310 may be of any of the types previously described, and each may be configured to emit light through an LED lens 314 and toward the stack of gaming tokens 306. The transparent cover 302 may be configured to internally reflect a majority of the light rays emitted by the LEDs 310. A bottom surface of the transparent cover 302 may define a frustoconical portion 316 adjacent a conformal reflective surface 318 configured to eject internally reflected light rays out of the transparent cover 302 and onto the stack of gaming tokens 306.

Additionally, the transparent cover 302 and LEDs 310 may be configured to provide indicator light signals to a player of the game, as previously described. A light guide element 320 may be located in the annular recess 308 above the one or more LEDs 310 and on an underside of the transparent cover 302. The light guide element 320 may have a continuous annular configuration. The light guide element 320 may be configured to collect light emitted from the LEDs 310 and transmit the collected light in an even dispersion through a portion of the transparent cover 302 corresponding to the light guide element 320. Additionally, a portion of the top surface of the transparent cover 302 positioned above the light guide element 320 may comprise a surface element 322 configured to increase visibility of the light transmitted through the light guide element 320 and the transparent cover 302. The surface element 322 may comprise a textured, or “frosted,” diffuser portion of the top surface of the cover glass. The textured diffuser portion may be configured to transmit an evenly-dispersed ring of light to a player. As previously described, the LEDs 310 may be controlled by the processor 110 to emit light in cooperation with the light guide element 320, the transparent cover 302, and the surface element 322 to provide multicolored lighting effect signals for communicating information to a player.

The embodiments of the disclosure described above do not limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims and their legal equivalents. Any equivalent embodiments are within the scope of this disclosure. Indeed, various modifications of the disclosure, in addition to those shown and described herein, such as alternate useful combinations of the elements described, will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art from the description. Such modifications and embodiments also fall within the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A bet sensor, comprising: an at least partially transparent cover having a bet placement surface configured and oriented to support a stack of gaming tokens thereon; and a mirror arrangement disposed on an opposing side of the at least partially transparent cover from the bet placement surface, the mirror arrangement located and configured to provide a view greater than 180 degrees of a lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens when supported on the bet placement surface.
 2. The bet sensor of claim 1, wherein the mirror arrangement comprises a first mirror facing a second mirror.
 3. The bet sensor of claim 2, wherein the first mirror includes an annular reflective surface facing inward with respect to and about a longitudinal axis of the mirror arrangement.
 4. The bet sensor of claim 3, wherein the second mirror is located concentrically within the first mirror.
 5. The bet sensor of claim 4, wherein the second mirror includes an outward-facing reflective surface extending greater than 180 degrees about the longitudinal axis of the mirror arrangement.
 6. The bet sensor of claim 5, wherein the outward-facing reflective surface of the second mirror is frustoconical in shape.
 7. The bet sensor of claim 6, wherein the second mirror comprises a structure having an aperture extending longitudinally therethrough, the second mirror and the aperture each extending coaxially with the longitudinal axis of the mirror arrangement.
 8. The bet sensor of claim 7, wherein the first mirror has at least one surface defining a second aperture about the longitudinal axis of the mirror arrangement, wherein the mirror arrangement is configured to reflect light rays from greater than 180 degrees of the lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens from the annular, inward-facing reflective surface of the first mirror to the outward-facing reflective surface of the second mirror and through the second aperture.
 9. The bet sensor of claim 3, wherein the annular reflective surface of the first mirror has a concave, arcuate profile in a cross-sectional plane containing the longitudinal axis of the mirror arrangement.
 10. The bet sensor of claim 9, wherein the concave, arcuate profile includes a portion of a prolate spheroid.
 11. The bet sensor of claim 1, wherein a portion of the at least partially transparent cover is adjacent a reflective structure, the reflective structure selectively configured to redirect light rays emitted from a light source associated with the bet sensor and to cause the redirected light rays to pass through the at least partially transparent cover and to locations wherein the redirected light rays would impinge on the lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens when supported on the bet placement surface.
 12. A bet sensor, comprising: an at least partially transparent cover having a bet placement surface configured and oriented to support a stack of gaming tokens thereon; and an image sensor located substantially directly below the bet placement surface, the image sensor configured to capture an image greater than 180 degrees of a lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens when supported on the bet placement surface.
 13. The bet sensor of claim 12, wherein the image sensor comprises a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor.
 14. The bet sensor of claim 12, further comprising a mirror arrangement disposed on an opposing side of the at least partially transparent cover from the bet placement surface, the mirror arrangement located and configured to reflect the image greater than 180 degrees of the lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens onto the image sensor.
 15. The bet sensor of claim 14, further comprising at least one optical element located between the mirror arrangement and the image sensor, wherein the at least one optical element comprises a lens.
 16. The bet sensor of claim 12, further comprising a processor in communication with the image sensor, the processor configured under control of a computer program to determine a sum value of a stack of gaming tokens supported on the bet placement surface of the at least partially transparent cover using the image.
 17. The bet sensor of claim 16, wherein the image sensor is mounted to a printed circuit board, the printed circuit board in electronic communication with the processor.
 18. The bet sensor of claim 16, further comprising a light source located and configured to illuminate at least 180 degrees of the lateral side surface of the stack of gaming tokens.
 19. The bet sensor of claim 18, wherein the light source comprises a plurality of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and wherein the processor is configured under control of a computer program to control illumination of each LED of the plurality of LEDs.
 20. The bet sensor of claim 19, further comprising an optical element configured to transmit visible light emitted by the light source to a player responsive to a state of a game played in association with the bet sensor. 